Posts Tagged ‘health’

Vaccine Research: First study read and reviewed!

Tuesday, November 17th, 2009

As people close to me will know, I recently dove into the task of researching vaccines.  This is in honor of the upcoming birth of my first child!  I feel that the possibility of vaccine injury is real.  Based on that feeling, it is my duty to do my due diligence to understand any and all documentation of risks.  I have already met much resistance from friends and family on this topic.  Why is it that questioning the safety and efficacy of vaccines draws such an emotional response in nearly every case?  I will save that topic for another post.  For now, I am focusing my intention on two objectives.  First, I want to find the best information to use in making my decision on when and how to vaccinate our daughter.  Second, I want to share any information which I find in hopes that it will be a positive resource to other parents going through the same process.

Today, after posting a vaccine related link on facebook, a friend replied with a link to a study on the MMR vaccine.  From what I understand, this is the vaccine surrounded by the most controversy.  After reading the study’s abstract I felt compelled to purchase and digest the full text.  For the price of two books, I received 4 pages documenting this scientific endeavor.  The title of the study is:

“Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association”

I found the title to be a little misleading.  In this study, it appears to me that they have endeavored to statistically compare medical records of children in a particular region of England.  They gathered up a number of children diagnosed with Core Autism, Atypical Austism, and Asperger’s Syndrome and analyzed the cases on a couple of metrics:

1. Overall number of occurrences of the three conditions
2. Temporal relation of three dates:  vaccination, parental concern, diagnoses

    On the first point, they find no statistical change in the fitted curve that they applied to the sampled data.  They graphed the occurrences of each disorder for children born from 1979 to 1992.  I believe the objective here was to prove that the introduction of the MMR vaccine in the UK in 1987 was not significant enough to change the rate of disorder incidence.  However, since the number of subjects in their study was less than 500, and most of them were born after 1987, I’m not sure it would have been possible to see a large difference in the rates of these disorders in their data.
    On the second point, the researchers say that there is essentially no statistically significant relationship between the three dates of vaccination, parental concern, and diagnosis.  They do mention that around 5 or 6 months there was a lot of parental concern showing up.  However they attribute that to the fact that peak vaccinations occurred at 13 months and the peak parental concern occurred at 18 months.  However, this correlation appears to be dismissed by the researchers.  Why it is dismissed, I am not sure.
    My own conclusions after reading the study
    This study appears to have been conducted in order to refute the controversial claims made by ‘Wakefield and colleagues’.  I have not read the Wakefield paper on MMR and so cannot comment on it.  This study by Taylor and others does not, in my mind, refute the idea that the MMR vaccine could cause injury to a child and that this injury could later lead to autism.  They state in their findings that the time between vaccination, parental concern, and diagnosis does not show a reliable relationship.  I’m not sure that injury due to a vaccine would have to be predictably occurring at a certain number of months after administration.  I think that it is completely possible that the impact of vaccination in children who are injured by it could be sub-clinical for some time and that this time could be different for each child.
    About the expectation of a large increase in the rate of these disorders (core autism, atypical autism, and aspergers syndrome) at the introduction of the MMR vaccine, I think that the amount of increase in rate would have to be vary large to be detected by this study.  Statisticians out there, please correct me if I’m wrong, but I’m thinking that if the rate of autism is 1 in 1,000 (which would be higher than the rate cited in this study from 1999) you would have to have many thousands of subjects in your study to detect a doubling in the rate from 1 in 1,000 to 2 in 1,000.  Unless I missed it, this study does not cite how many individuals were analyzed in the study.  In any statistical analysis, wouldn’t they clearly state the number of individuals that they had to examine in order to find this number of cases?  Or perhaps they were unable to determine the total number of births in the geological region of the study?  I would think it should be easy to tabulate the number of births and simply say how many were included per year overall.  In fact that brings up a good point that I had not considered until now.  They graph the number of cases found each year, but not the rate of cases.  They are graphing the raw number of children with these conditions, but not the relation of the number of children with the condition to the number of healthy children.  I wonder why they made that choice.  It seems like a significant difference to me.  If we are examining the number of cases diagnosed over a certain period, shouldn’t we also account for population size and growth?
    Another limitation of the study that I think is worth mentioning is that they do not include any other parameters such as the other vaccinations that a child was given.  Since we’re analyzing vaccine affects here, I think that a complete analysis should include some comment on the other vaccinations received by the children.
    I hope that anyone reading this article will find my discussion to be interesting and informative.  I am practicing my ability to critically read these studies in order to more fully understand the science around vaccine safety.

    Summer Training

    Wednesday, July 8th, 2009

    I am happy to say that I’m back at it again!  My summer training is going very well!  Thanks to the encouragement of my brother in law, I have started training body weight exercises with renewed vigor.  The momentum that I have gained by rededicating myself to body-weight training has really synergized with my gung fu.  I have had improved motivation overall and am feeling great about it.

    In terms of results, just this week I finally made it back to doing 6 pull ups in a set.  This is the max that I hit last year before falling off the wagon (so to speak).  Now I have regained that ground, and am shooting for 10 pull up sets by the end of summer!  It’s really encouraging to make gradual progress!

    For those of you who might think about starting a training regimen yourself, I know that it can be frustrating or discouraging at the beginning.  Personally, I had to mentally overcome my own doubt.  When I re-started my pull up training, I could do maybe three in a set.  This was better than where I started a year ago (one pull up per set) but for some reason I was very discouraged.  Thank goodness that I had some great people around to offer some encouragement, and now I feel like I’m up and running!  So if you’re struggling, my advice is to take it one day at a time, one repition at a time.  Stick with it, each day, and you’ll improve!

    Eating Right

    Thursday, March 5th, 2009

    In my quest for vibrant and dynamic health I have focused intently on learning as much as possible about nutrition and eating.  This has led me to change my omnivore diet to a vegan diet.  I made the transition between omnivore and vegan slowly over roughly two years.  My first goal was simply to start creating meals in which animal protein was not the focus. This led gradually led to more vegetable, legume, rice or grain based meals.

    It has also been roughly two years since I began to increase my physical activity through the study of Hung Ga gung fu.  Ever since adopting these lifestyle changes, I have watched my body begin to change.  At the time that I started to make these changes, I was very sedentary and slowly gaining weight.  The trend has now reversed over the last two years, and I have lost roughly 30 lbs.  Weight loss was never an intentional goal.  It simply came as a result of embracing diet changes and exercise.

    Now I am at a point from which I do not want to lose any weight.  At my last weighing, 3 weeks ago, I was 177 lbs.  So give or take a few pounds, that puts me at 175-180.  I do not feel that it would be healthy to lose weight beyond this point.  I plan to continue, if not increase the amount and intensity of my exercise routine now that spring has come again.  It is the season for re-dedication, transformation and new growth.  I am setting forth with these goals in mind.  But how should I be sure to avoid further weight loss?  Since I have changed my diet and begun to exercise regularly, I have watched the fat burn off and the muscle build.  At the same time, I worry that I have created momentum in the direction of losing body mass.  My hope is that the body mass that I lose will be only fat and will be replaced with lean muscle. To this end, I will be consulting with a friend studying nutritional science.

    In my first conversation with him, he encouraged me to make sure that I am eating enough calories in the day to sustain my activity level.   My first assignment in determining this was to keep a food log.  For 4 days I jotted notes every time I ate something.  This was often as he also recommended eating more and smaller meals throughout the day.   It has been a week since I kept the food log, and I still need to send it off to him, but I’m having doubts about my first attempt at eating “more often, smaller meals”.  In my first attempt, I feel that I have been eating too often.  Nearly every time my stomach becomes empty, I’m finding something else to eat.  My occupation is quite conducive to this as I can easily snack while working on the computer.

    At the moment I feel that this regimen of nearly continual eating has put a strain on my digestive tract.  One of the new sensitivities that I acquired by doing my first master cleanse is sensing the fullness of my body.  Once you completely empty yourself, you are able to tell with a more fine grained sensitivity what it is like to be full.  I’m not just referring to the stomach, but my lower abdomen where all the food is processed further as well.  Aside from feeling fullness, I can more easily see the shape of my gut after losing fat from all over my body.  Yesterday I felt that this gut area, the area just under the belly button and between the hips, was quite full.  I believe this is where the intestines sit.  In the afternoon I almost felt that I was developing a pot belly!  Now, I don’t really think that its possible that I could start a pot belly after a week or two of increasing my caloric intake.  My theory is instead that the constant flow of food has caused this lower adbominal bloating. To confirm this theory, I’m taking a 1 day liquid diet of tea, fruit smoothie, and lots of orange juice.  If at the end of the day the pot belly has said goodbye, I’ll have my answer:  too much food too often.

    Yoga Revolution

    Saturday, February 21st, 2009

    I recently joined the 45-day Yoga Revolution at the Yoga and Healing Center in Scotch Plains, NJ.  The idea is to focus on these 45-days and include as much yoga as you can. Each participant chooses their own goal for how many classes they would like to attend on a weekly basis and more importantly, a dedication.  The dedication can be anything that you wish, and you will dedicate each practice to whatever it is that you choose.  I’ve chosen transformation.  I chose Transformation because with the coming spring I feel it is time to grow and move toward our higher goals.  Soon, all of nature will be awakening in the Northeast United States.  We are connected to this cycle and should honor it with our choices.  For this reason, I’m keeping the idea of transformation as rebirth and growth toward my goals.

    Those that know me know that my main passion is Hung Ga, a style of Gung Fu.  Before finding Hung Ga, I was frequently attending Ashtanga yoga classes at the Yoga and Healing Center.  This was almost 2 years ago now.  I truly enjoyed the practice of Ashtanga at that time, but found even more enjoyment in gung fu.  My wife has continued her yoga practice all through these past two years.  She has developed greatly in terms of her own practice as well as a member of the community at the studio.  She has attained her 200 hour yoga training certification from the Yoga Alliance and will often teach classes when a substitute is needed.  I am impressed and inspired to see her maintaining her dedication to all the positive things that come through Yoga.  So when I heard of the 45 day Yoga Revolution, I knew I had to join.

    I joined the yoga revolution for several reasons.  The first reason being that I think its vitally important to share a mutual interest and love in marriage.  There’s something about practicing yoga together that is much more fulfilling that going through it on your own.  It’s not something that I can easily put into words, but its there.  I think that when we leave, we both feel reconnected in a positive way. I want to maintain and strengthen this bond.  This is the primary and most important reason that I’ve joined the yoga revolution.

    Another reason that I’ve joined is because I understand that yoga is extremely beneficial to the body in many ways.  It is known to regulate the body in terms of blood pressure and stress, and also for flexibility.  I’m sure that the movement, stretching, compression, twisting, and inversion all promote a healthy circulation and flow of lymph.  All these benefits are gifts that I am striving to give to my body.

    Kitty would likely continue her practice in these 45 days whether or not I decided to pick up the practice again, but the stars aligned in such a way that I will be able to attend at least 2 classes with her each week.  I’ve already attended the first two, and will attend my third tomorrow morning.  I’m already looking forward to it.

    Master Cleanse – Reflection 3 Weeks Hence

    Tuesday, February 17th, 2009

    It’s been 3 weeks since I started to come off Master Cleanse which I did for 7 days.  As with each cleanse I’ve done, the experience offered a new perspective on health and my relationship with food.  Since cleansing, my food choices have been vegan with few exceptions.  I am pleased with this transition.  The cleanse was a good way to mark a new beginning.  I could write a whole entry just on the topic of a vegan coming out, and I think I will.

    Now I’d like to say a few things about the return to solid foods.  First of all, for all you cleansers out there, return to solids slowly!  My morning routine includes drinking a large fruit smoothie.  Before the cleanse, this was easily 40 ounces or more.  The smoothie also varies in consistency and thickness from day to day as I have a varied bunch of ingredients that I include.  On my first smoothie day after the cleanse, I drank my first glassful and felt quite full.  However I had another ‘glass’ to drink.  I use the term ‘glass’ loosely here because they hold more than a pint of liquid; roughly 2.5 cups.  So because I felt full I waited 40 minutes or so before drinking the rest of the smoothie.  I couldn’t stand to just pour it out.  I would have been wasting the most nutritious ‘meal’ that I make all day!   Drinking this second portion was against my better judgement, and I felt so sluggish afterward.  I felt ‘full’ in a whole new way.  I think that my body was not ready to digest or process so much food at one time, even though it was in liquid form.  The feeling of sluggishness lasted for an hour or more.

    This is one example of the way that common food habits are brought into a new light after the cleansing process.  Since the cleanse I have reduced the amount of smoothie that I’ll drink in the morning from 5+ cups to 3.5 cups.  I think this is a better balance of both my need for high caloric intake and my body’s digestive comfort zone.

    Master Cleanse – Coming Off – Day 2 – Morning

    Thursday, January 29th, 2009

    Return Schedule

    In Tom Woloshyn’s book, which has been my primary guide to this cleanse, he has two schedules for coming off the cleanse.  They are 4 and 3 days in duration.  The four day schedule is more gradual and probably more ideal, but I’ve gone with the 3 day plan in order to be back to eating solid food on Saturday which is our first parade for Chinese New Year.  Abiding by the schedule, yesterday was a day of oranges, orange juice, and more oranges. Today I am drinking orange juice all day, with the privilege of a vegetable broth for lunch and, oh yes, vegetable soup for dinner!

    Anticipating Solid Foods

    I can’t describe the excitement and anticipation with which I await fresh steamed vegetables and brown rice for tomorrow’s dinner.  Even tonight’s dinner will be amazing:  vegetable soup with whole vegetables!  I can’t wait to bite into them and feel the texture of the food in my mouth.  Not to mention the feeling of fullness that comes from fiber instead of liquid.  Today I have the ultimate privilege and honor of drinking a homemade vegetable broth with a few vegetables for lunch.  Wow.  Here’s one guy that is beside himself with joy.

    Mood & Emotion

    Yesterday for the vast majority of the day my mood was ebullient.  I was having a great time, and so happy to be drinking my orange juice.  I have to admit that by the end of the day, I was feeling a bit frustrated and grumpy.  I’m not sure exactly how to place this, but I think part of it I will assign to hunger.  It seems that I am great about maintaining my ‘food’ intake during the day, but the end of day transition from the office to home is where I lose it.  I tend to let myself go a little too long and then I turn a bit sour.  But, this was nothing that a few oranges and a little mindfulness couldn’t rememdy.  It wasn’t long before I was once again counting my many blessings with gratitude.

    I also gave myself a pat on the back for completing 7 days of the master cleanse.  The minimum recommended duration is 10 days, and so I have a little bit of remorse for not ‘going the distance’ there.  That feeling is compounded a bit by reading the testimonials of the people in the back of the book who were able to run 7 miles a day while on the cleanse.  That information really makes me curious about the limits of my own ability to subsist on the cleanse.

    But the true and lasting feeling that I have is gratitude that this experience came into my life.  I think of this as the 3rd of many cleanses to come.  The Master Cleanse, all in all, was a rewarding and pleasant experience.  I think that later in the spring I will set my sights on the 10 day goal once more.  Perhaps at that time I will document the intensity and type of exercise which I complete each day as well.

    I would imagine that exercise would assist in the body’s cleansing activities.  I know that physical activity, by elevating heart rate, moving the lymph, increasing respiration and perspiration greatly helps in eliminating toxins from the body.  I believe it also eliminates toxic thoughts from the mind.

    Yesterday’s Totals

    • 6 big glasses half and half OJ
    • 2 cups half and half OJ
    • 4 oranges
    • 1 glass hot water
    • 1 cup chamomile mint tea

    Master Cleanse – Coming Off – Day 1 – Morning

    Wednesday, January 28th, 2009

    I have decided to bring my cleanse to an early end.  I have thoroughly enjoyed the experience, and while I would have liked to go 10 days or more, I feel I must come back to solid food in time for the weekend.

    Chinese New Year Celebrations

    This weekend is the first of several weekends of Chinese New Year celebrations in which my gung fu school will participate.  This is a very important time of year because our entire association coordinates to meet up and march through the neighborhoods of New York City bringing the traditional Lion and Dragon to restaurants and merchants in the area.  This is a lot of fun and quite rewarding as well.  It is also quite strenuous.  We are out and about all day, with no regular access to water, food or bathrooms.  Of course, we are well taken care of, but there is no guarantee as to when that relief will come.  It is an all day effort and this year I will have a much more active role than last year.  Because person in the school is part of a team, and beyond that the schools work together as one team to represent the association, I want to be able to give it all I’ve got.  If I were to feel weak on account of the cleanse, the extra work would fall to my training brothers.  Reflecting on this, I think that the best choice is to move to solid foods by Friday so that I can be fully ready for Saturday and Sunday.

    Future Plans

    It is my full intention to finish at least a 10 day master cleanse in the coming months.  Perhaps I will pursue this in sometime in March.

    Master Cleanse – Day 7 – Looking Back

    Wednesday, January 28th, 2009

    I write this post on Day 7 on the morning of Day 8.  Life has been busy lately.

    Day 7 was the first day that I felt any kind of internal discomfort while on the cleanse.  On this day, I remember waking with a sense of shall I say, emptiness and sagging, in my gut below my belly button.  This feeling continued and slightly intensified into mid afternoon.  The sensation itself is hard to describe since I’ve never quite experienced it before.  My guess is that I was feeling the effects of a higher concentrations of cayenne pepper in the lemonade.  I should note that for most of Day 6 and into Day 7 I was including just under a quarter teaspoon of cayenne pepper per glass of lemonade.  Over the previous 5 days I had adapted to the spicyness and became less and less sensitive to it.  As I became less sensitive to the taste, I began to add more.

    On Day 6 I prepared 4 glasses worth of lemonade, cayenne pepper included, and drank them more than an hour later.  This gave the pepper time to steep.  It’s flavor really matured in that time.  When I took the first sip I got a “Wow” kind of surprise at the spiciness, but it was welcome since I love spicy food and it was a bit of variation in the midst of a mono-diet.  I can’t say for certain if the addition cayenne pepper had caused these feelings of discomfort, but my intuition says that it did.  It’s my suspicion that the extra amount of pepper that I added to each glass slowly accumulated over a 24-36 hour period to the point.  Mind you the recipe calls for a  tenth teaspoon of cayenne per glass and I was using 3-4 times that amount.  It was delicious.

    Initially when this feeling was brewing my attitude was just to go with it and wait it out.  I thought that it would surely pass in an hour or so.  When it continued into mid afternoon I had become a little discouraged and actually wondered “what if this gets much worse?”  I was worried that it might intensify.  Happily, it did not.  At the suggestion of my wife I drank some hot water and almost immediately started to feel better.  I had been feeling cold in the office while wearing multiple layers including an undershirt, dress shirt, sweater, and blazer.  Our office can be cold from time to time, but I noticed that no one else was bundled up quite like I was.  I think that the chilled water that I included in the lemonade was just enough to push my internal body temperature over the limit and slightly away from equilibrium.  The hot water cleared all this up.  I drank two roughly 12 ounces mugs of it and felt much improved.  I think the water had a double benefit of both warming me up and diluting what may have become a concentration of cayenne in my gut. I was quite relieved to be feeling better, and celebrated by enthusiastically preparing for a night of exercise.

    Totals

    • 32 oz salt water flush
    • 11 glasses of homemade lemonade
    • 2 glasses of ~12 ounces hot water

    Master Cleanse – Day 6 – Looking Back

    Wednesday, January 28th, 2009

    Day 6 has come and gone and so I write this post in retrospect on what would be day 8.

    On Day 6 I remember feeling completely at home in the cleanse, even more so than day 5.  It was the first day during which all aspects felt familiar.  I had the feeling of, is this “too easy”?  Previously I had associated hunger, weakness, headaches, and other conditions of discomfort with cleansing.  These are some of the symptoms I experienced while on the previous two cleanses that I’ve tried.  Oddly I would say that master cleanse was the most restrictive and most extreme yet it has also proven to be the most painless.

    On days when I know that I’ll be exercising in the evening I’ve noticed that I drink much more lemonade.  This feels like an unconscious compensation for the upcoming exertion.

    Totals

    • 32 oz salt water flush
    • 17 glasses of lemonade
    • 1 mug of tea

    Master Cleanse – Day 5 – Night

    Sunday, January 25th, 2009

    Today was a great day!  At this point in the cleanse, I feel that I have fully adapted to this schedule and diet.  I’m now coasting through what has become a familiar routine.  In fact, routine is exactly what I plan to write about this evening.  I was thrilled to find an email last night just before 8:30 from someone that reads my blog asking these questions about the cleanse:

    How has this impacted your normal routine?  Are you continuing to do your normal work schedule, and if so, how has it impacted you work life, and what response have you gotten from your coworkers?

    This is a question I am delighted to answer.  It’s one that seems very much to the point for people who may be considering doing a cleanse of their own, but something I haven’t really addressed until this point.  Without further ado, I will explain the cleanse’s…

    Impact on Routine

    For one, I have more time.  There are two critical food preparation times in my daily schedule.  First thing in the morning I make a big batch (50+ ounces) of delicious fruit smoothie.  At night, I’ll make a nutritious, tasty, and satisfying meal on the stove.  My wife and I share the cooking responsibility so I’ll usually cook about half the nights of the week.  Cooking is something I love dearly, but it is also quite time consuming when you factor in the preparation and clean-up as well.  Now I don’t need to spend time at either the morning smoothie task or the night time dinner making responsibility.  I also don’t need to pack a lunch in the morning.  All this adds up to extra minutes of zen which I use to contemplate the boundless mysteries of the universe.

    Actually, on second thought I must mention that the morning salt water flush does take some time.  It takes me between 10-15 minutes to drink the whole 32 ounces.  Then you’ve got to wait for the eliminations that inevitably follow with great urgency.  In this matter, you must be ‘on point’ if you catch my drift.  In the first days of the cleanse it would take 30 minutes to an hour for the flush to take its course.  Now, after being off solid food for 5 days, there’s not much waiting in the equation.  I am able to go about other morning tasks while drinking the flush such as reading email or news.  After the first elimination, I’m free to start drinking the delicious homemade lemonade and move on to the next part of my morning, which is exercise.

    Exercise is an important part of my morning routine.  I find that it sets a good tone for the rest of the day.  In the first few days I wasn’t sure how exercise would mix with the flush and lemonade drinking but now I have it down to a science.  As soon as I am able to drink the first glass of lemonade, I finish it, then proceed to my exercise routine after giving the drink a few minutes to settle.

    The Cleanse And My Professional Life

    I am so privileged that the idea for the cleanse actually came from one of my coworkers!  How amazing is that?  Master cleanse was something that I had heard of from many sources prior, and was always curious to know more.  Then the opportunity to know more came when my colleague decided to do the cleanse himself.  I owe him a debt of gratitude for inspiring me to give it a try.

    Of course, there are some coworkers who are skeptical, but luckily I am not alone.  Two other coworkers, for a total of 3, are also interested in cleansing.   On top of that, its possible that they will inspire others to do the cleanse with them.  Ever since the first cleanser did his master cleanse, the office dialogue has included cleansing and health related topics every single day.  I’m so pleased to be working in such a supportive environment.

    I feel that the effect of the cleanse on my cognition has been wholly beneficial.  There was a little discomfort in the first few days as I grew accustomed to the lemonade and realized that I would need to brush my teeth at least one extra time per day, but that has been the only downside so far.  In fact, I feel that my blood sugar levels are much more even while on the cleanse.  I don’t experience the post meal grogginess that most people experience after eating.  That’s just not an issue while on the cleanse.  Since I don’t let myself become hungry, I’m never distracted by my appetite either.  All in all, I think its a win win situation.

    Cravings

    I do want to make a short mention of food cravings.  I read in Tom Woloshyn’s book that I would crave the worst foods, even those that I would not normally eat, while on the cleanse.  That prediction has proved true as today I craved, get ready… a hot dog… as we drove by a restaurant specialized in them.  Normally, I would balk at the mere suggestion of hot dogs, but I was hungry.  We were driving home from visiting friends this afternoon.  I found that I had packed just enough concentrate in order to make one last glass for the ride home, and I had been drinking conservatively while visiting because I sensed that I would run low.  I have found that if I allow myself to become hungry, the normal fanciful thoughts of delicious, homemade, organic, vegan meals turn to fantasies of the least nourishing and most detrimental food choices.  So cleanser be ware!

    Now I would not actually follow through on any of these cravings because I know that since I have been off solid food for so long, to actually go from cleansing to hot dog in one bite would be an act of sheer tyranny against my G.I. tract.  I think that my stomach, intestines and liver would stage a revolt and run my out of town.  The correct way to move to solid food is to move first through a day or two of fruit juices (two days I believe), then move to raw food, then move to cooked food.  It is actually comforting to know that there is this long time barrier between myself and whole cooked food.

    With that, thanks for reading and I wish you the best of health!

    Totals

    • 32 oz salt water flush
    • 15 glasses homemade lemonade (from ‘concentrate’)
    • 1 cup senna tea